Well I finished a while ago but never made commit.

Started working on messy draft.

Bibliography.md

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Bibliography
+
+[@AdamsMemBiog08] [@FlemPicHist95][@GreeneLife37] all[@] these[@] references![@KirsNor98]
+
+\pagebreak
+
+# References

Comments.md

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+I think what's best here is you know where to go next -- I do think though there's a lot x to do still in deciding whether this is a funny story of obsession or part of a larger anti-Itallian pro-Nordic sway... I hope you feel well 
+
+Is the story of the descovery of america challenged in other places, and how? (search google books for leif too?)
+
+

Draft.md

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+---
+header-includes:
+    - \usepackage{setspace}
+    - \doublespacing
+---
+
+Not sure exactly what my thesis will be, but something about the evolution of
+the myth; how it began, how it evolved, and how people used it over time. It
+initially survived because of geographical ambiguity, and was rediscovered by
+Horsford. He introduced Vikings into the myth, most likely as an expression of
+anti-catholic/anti-irish sentiment to take the credit of discovering america
+away from Columbus. Horsfod was also an interesting guy, a lot to write about
+him. Unclear why exactly he was so keen on building monuments to Ericsson, and
+why he was so convinced he landed in Massachusetts -- still the in the process
+of reading his books on the subject.
+
+# Paragraph 1: The First Mentions of the Myth, and some of its Founding Properties
+
+The myth of Norumbega can trace its beginnings back to the Age of Exploration.
+The first description of Norumbega as a city was in 1548, on a map by Giacomo
+Gastaldi.[@KirsNor98, 34] How it found its way there is
+
+As with many myths and legengs, "just about everything concerning Norumbega is
+in dispute."[@KirsNor98, 35]
+
+Tracing the etymology of the name "Norumbega" reveals much about the Age of
+Exploration.
+
+The first person to explore the area associated with Norumbega was Giovanni da
+Verrazzano in 1524.[@KirsNor98, 36] Recounting his journey in a letter, he
+described a pleasant harbor inhabited by friendly and civil
+natives.[@KirsNor98, 39]. They were "very like the manner of the ancients" and
+practiced "more systematic cultivation [of crops] than the other
+tribes."[@KirsNor98, 39] "More civilized" natives seems to have been from the
+beginning a core aspect of the myth of Norumbega. Verrazzano named this place
+*Refugio*, "on account of its beauty."[@KirsNor98, 39]
+
+They are "now believed to have been [in] the area around Narragansett Bay,
+Rhode Island,"[@KirsNor98, 39] far distant from where Norumbega would
+eventually be described. However, due to geographical ambiguity at the time,
+Verrazzano's *Refugio* nevertheless became "at the heart of the Norumbega
+legend."[@KirsNor98, 39] Five years later, Giovanni's brother Girolamo marked a
+"small inlet labelled *oranbega.*"[@KirsNor98, 35] Around fifteen years after
+that, Jean Alafonce, sailing up a river we know now to have been the Penobscot,
+described a city called *Norombegue*.[@KirsNor98, 40-41] Just as with
+Varrazzano's *Refugio*, Alafonce described "clever inhabitants [...] The people
+used many words which sound like Latin and worship the sun, and they are fair
+people and tall."[@KirsNor98, 41] Over time, these similar stories of civilized
+natives and a river combined to form the basis for the myth of
+Norumbega.[@KirsNor98, 41]
+
+# Later Developments of the Myth in the Age of Exploration
+
+Another factor that may have contributed to the idea Norumbega as a city was
+the philosophy of natural harmony. "Many Renaissance cosmographers subscribed
+to the philosophy [which stated] the physical world was governed by laws
+ensuring perfect equilibrium."[@KirsNor98, 35] "Accordingly, when Europeans
+heard about the New World, they anticipated that it would contain at least an
+embryonic counterpart of features of the geography and human behavior of the
+Old World."[@KirsNor98, 35] This may have contributed to the city's association
+with more civilized inhabitants.
+
+# How the Myth Found new Popularity in the Late 19th Century
+
+The myth of Norumbega saw a brief resurgence in late 19th century Boston. Eben
+Norton Horsford was a chemist working in Boston, best known for his work in
+baking powder.[@HorsBread61] Throughout his life, however, he showed some
+interest in history and archaeology. He would collect fossils around his
+father's farm in Moscow (now Leister) New York where he grew up,[@JackHors92,
+340] and expressed interest in learning the language of the Seneca
+Indians[@JackHors92, 340], to which his father worked as a
+missionary.[@JackHors92, 103] Later in his life, he would often visit his
+wife's family's estate on Shelter Island, New York.[@AdamsMemBiog08, 104]
+There, he became interested in the island's history and "erected a monument to
+the Quakers, who found shelter there from Puritan
+persecution."[@AdamsMemBiog08, 104] He would later repeat this pattern of
+interest and monument construction in Massachusetts.
+
+It'd be nice to include a bit about how Horsford came about the myth here. Also
+whether it was Norumbega or the Viking sagas he learned about first. -- After
+more research, seems like he was interested in Vikings first and only later
+made the connection to Norumbega.
+
+Horsford did not take up the myth unchanged, however. He became convinced the
+city of Norumbega was the remains of a Norse settlement.
+
+In 1887,[@HorsDisc87, 10] Horsford unveiled a large bronze statue of the viking
+Leif Ericsson,[@GuttVal18, 86] who was known at the time as the first European
+to have set foot in America. However what was unknown, and would remain so
+until the late 20th century, was where exactly Leif had landed. Horsford was
+convinced, however, that Leif had landed in Massachusetts. In his dedication of
+the statue, he explained his reasoning:
+
+> ...if you will be kind enough to hold up to your mind's eye, now for a
+> moment, any familiar map of North America. Look at the east coast. From
+> Greenland, along the line to the southwest, you will notice three projections
+> into the sea. They are Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Cape Cod.[@HorsDisc87,
+> 9]
+
+He disregards Newfoundland as an option, saying "[it] is bold, rocky,
+mountainous, of meagre vegetation, and with few beaches."[@HorsDisc87, 10]
+Ironically, the best evidence archaeologists have now for the location of
+Vinland is L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland. 
+
+Include part by that historian who wrote about how wrong he was[@HorsProb89, 1]
+
+Summary of Horsford's defense, letter to judge Daly source[@HorsProb89]
+
+Write about Horsford's "archaeology," what he says he found, his methods
+
+Write about the dedication of the Norumbega Tower
+
+Write about how Horsford connected his interest in Vikings and Leif Ericsson to
+the myth of Norumbega -- his interest in Native American language and how that
+let him make the connection.
+
+Horsford read about how Alafonce described the natives of Norumbega speaking
+something closer to Latin; he interpreted that as being influenced by Norse.
+
+The city of Norumbega was the last vestige of viking occupation
+
+\pagebreak
+# References

Horsford.md

@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
-# Research Question
-
-**To whom and why was the myth of Norumbega attractive?**
-
 # Eben Norton Horsford
 
-- Was born in Moscow, NY, July 27, 1818 (@AdamsMemBiog08, p.103)
+## Early Life
-- Died in Cambridge, MA, January 1, 1893 (@AdamsMemBiog08, p.103)
+
-- His grandfather on his mother's side fought in the Revolutionary War
+- Was born in Moscow, NY, July 27, 1818 [@AdamsMemBiog08, 103]
-  (@AdamsMemBiog08, p.103)
+- Died in Cambridge, MA, January 1, 1893 [@AdamsMemBiog08, 103]
+- Grandfather on his mother's side fought in the Revolutionary War
+  [@AdamsMemBiog08, p.103]
 - His father had moved to Moscow NY as a missionary to the Seneca Indians
-  (@AdamsMemBiog08, p.103)
+  [@AdamsMemBiog08, p.103]
   - A large part of his Norumbega thesis was how Norse words could be found in
     American Indian place names; perhaps this experience with natives gave him
     inspiration or confidence.
@@ -21,39 +19,50 @@
   was devoted, while at the same time his early association with the Seneca
   Indians, who flocked ot his father's house in large numbers, familiarized him
   with Indian words and pronunciation, and this paved the way for the
-  philological and archaeological studies of his older years." : (@JackHors92,
+  philological and archaeological studies of his older years."[@JackHors92,
-  p.340)
+  p.340]
   - As above, a shadow of his later interests can be seen already in the
     hobbies of his early years.
 - "He was sent to the best schools, and at the age of nineteen graduated as a
-  civil engineer from the Renseelaer Institute of Trow, New York" :
+  civil engineer from the Renseelaer Institute of Trow, New
-  (@AdamsMemBiog08, p.104)
+  York"[@AdamsMemBiog08, p.104]
   - Had good education, somewhat wealthy parents.
-- "He was then employed on the Geological Survey of the State of New York" :
+
-  (@AdamsMemBiog08, p.104)
+## Employment
+
+- "He was then employed on the Geological Survey of the State of New
+  York"[@AdamsMemBiog08, p.104]
   - Had some experience with geographic survey, possibly what gave him
     confidence in his archaeological pursuits.
 - "In 1844 he went to Germany to study chemistry, and spent two years at
-  Giessen under Baron Liebig" : (@AdamsMemBiog08, p.104)
+  Giessen under Baron Liebig"[@AdamsMemBiog08, p.104]
 - "He usually spent his summers at Shelter Island, New York, in the old manor
   house, which had belonged to his wife's family. He interested himself in
   studying the antiquity of the island, and erected a monument to the Quakers,
-  who found shelter there from Puritan persecution." : (@AdamsMemBiog08, p.104)
+  who found shelter there from Puritan persecution."[@AdamsMemBiog08, p.104]
     - Another instance of Horsford being interested in history, erecting
       monuments. Seems like a hobby of his.
     - Also has religious elements, just as the Norumbega myth & Protestantism
       vs. Catholicism.
+
+## Baking Powder
+
+- 
+
+## Later Life and Interest in Norumbega
+
 - "In the comparative leisure of his later years he became deeply interested in
   endeavoring to trace the routes of the Northmen, who early visited this
-  continent." : (@AdamsMemBiog08, p.104)
+  continent."[@AdamsMemBiog08, p.104]
-  - Had a lot of free time, was used to doing research as his job and as his hobby.
+  - Had a lot of free time, was used to doing research as his job and as his
+    hobby.
   - Seems he was genuinely interested, wasn't being paid or anything.
 - "He studied the sagas, pored over the ancient charts, explored the coast of
   New England, and at length became assured that he found, in Cambridge, the
   location of the house built by Leif Ericson, and that at Watertown, on the
   Charles River, he had discovered the long-lost Norumbega, the settlement of
   the Icelandic voyagers. Here he erected a substantial stone tower to mark the
-  spot." : (@AdamsMemBiog08, p.104-5)
+  spot."[@AdamsMemBiog08, p.104-5]
     - Seems he did extensive research, and thought he was being objective,
       though probably biased as he lived in Cambridge.
     - The biographer takes a pretty neutral tone as to the veracity of Eben's
@@ -65,12 +74,20 @@
   America by the Northmen, presented him, in their annual assembly, an
   engrossed address, framed in wood from Norway, and elaborately carved by a
   Norwegian lady. In 1892 the king of Denmark created him a Knight Commander of
-  the third grade of the Order of Danneborg." : (@AdamsMemBiog08, p.105)
+  the third grade of the Order of Danneborg."[@AdamsMemBiog08, p.105]
   - Seems his ideas were well-received by former Vikings.
+
+  "in the mid 16th century the name Norumbega reffered to the Penobscot Bay
+  area and, by extension, to what is now Maine and southern New Brunswick" b/c of GIROlamo Verrazzano (map guy) refugio -> oranbega
+  [@KirsNor98, 35]
+
+## Other Doings
+
 - "Wellesley College was the object of his largest benefactions (...) He
   enlarged and endowed the college library, and provided a fund for scientific
-  apparatus." : (@AdamsMemBiog08, p.105)
+  apparatus."[@AdamsMemBiog08, p.105]
   - Seems he made good of his wealth from baking soda.
 
 \pagebreak
+
 # References

HorsfordNorumbega.md

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# The Myth of Norumbega
+
+
+\pagebreak
+# References

Makefile

@@ -3,3 +3,8 @@ STYLE = chicago.csl
 
 %: %.md
 	pandoc $^ -o $@.pdf --bibliography=$(BIB) --csl=$(STYLE) --pdf-engine=xelatex --citeproc
+
+clean:
+	rm *.pdf
+
+.PHONY: clean

Norumbega.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# The Myth of Norumbega
+
+- The first person to put "Norumbega" on a map was Giacomo
+  Gastaldi.[@KirsNor98, 34]
+  - "Once Giacomo Gastaldi had placed a fully fledged country of *Nurumberg* on
+    his map *Tierra Nueva*, in an edition of Ptolemy's Geography published in
+    Venice in 1548, geographical ignorance allowed the non-existent land to
+    flourish on innumerable other maps and globes. Thus until well into the
+    second half of the seventeenth century, the mythical country of Norumbega
+    continued to appear on maps."[@KirsNor98, 34]
+- "Just about everything concerning Norumbega is in dispute. The two generally
+  agreed facts are: that in the mid-sixteenth century the name Norumbega
+  referred to the Penobscot Bay area and, by extension, to what is now Maine
+  and southern New Brunswick (an area of roughly between 44 and 46 degrees
+  north); and that the name itself was spawned by a small inlet labeled
+  *oranbega* on the maps drawn by Girolamo de Verrazzano in 1529 to illustrate
+  his brother's account of a voyage made five years previously."[@KirsNor98,
+  35]
+  - As with most myths, the facts such as they are vary widely between sources.
+  - The name "Norumbega" has a complicated history, unclear what its origin
+    was. Horsford claimed it was a native word that was a corruption of a
+    viking one.
+- "Two other statements are also uncontentious: that in the sixteenth century
+  the region of Norumbega was attracting English would-be colonists, and that
+  once sufficient firsthand knowledge reached Europe from early attempts at
+  settlement and from further exploration, both the cartographical Norumbega
+  and the tales associated with it entirely disappeared."[@KirsNor98, 35]
+  - Except by Horsford and others in the later 18th.
+- "Many Renaissance cosmographers subscribed to the philosophy of natural
+  harmony. It rested on the idea that the physical world was governed by laws
+  ensuring perfect equilibrium."[@KirsNor98, 35]
+  - Cartography wasn't really a science, had philosophical aspects as well.
+- "Accordingly, when Europeans heard about the New World, they anticipated that
+  it would contain at least an embryonic counterpart of features of the
+  geography and human behaviour of the Old World."[@KirsNor98, 35]
+  - **Europeans went to the New World looking for the Old**, for what they had
+    known and what was familiar.
+
+
+\pagebreak
+# References

Paper.md

@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+---
+header-includes:
+    - \usepackage{setspace}
+    - \AtBeginEnvironment{quote}{\singlespacing}
+    - \doublespacing
+title: |
+ \huge Eben Norton Horsford
+ \huge and the Legend of Norumbega
+author: Jacob Signorovitch
+---
+
+\maketitle
+
+In Weston, Massachusetts, across the Charles River from Brandeis University, an
+unusual structure rises among the trees; a forty foot stone tower, complete
+with spiral staircase and ramparts, weathered and stained with time, looking
+distinctly out of place within earshot of I-95. The story of how it came to be
+there involves Vikings, a baking soda magnate, the discovery of America, and,
+at the center of it all, the Legend of Norumbega. As one explores the
+surrounding area, the name appears again and again: a map will tell you the
+structure's name is Norumbega Tower, and running alongside is Norumbega Road.
+Further south, one finds a Norumbega Park, and another road called Norumbega
+Court. This paper will explore how one man in the late nineteenth century, Eben
+Norton Horsford, combined Norse sagas and a New England *El Dorado* into a
+theory for the original discovery of America, what motivated him to do so, and
+the legacy he left behind.
+
+The Legend of Norumbega originated in the sixteenth century, during the Age of
+Exploration. To European explorers, it was variously a town, city, or country,
+somewhere along the coast of New England, inhabited by amiable and civilized
+natives. First given the name *Nurumberg* by Giacomo Gastaldi in a 1548 edition
+of Ptolemy's Geography,[@KirsNor98, 34] the myth can be traced back to a
+conflation of two separate accounts. The first is that of Giovanni da
+Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer under King Francis I of
+France. He was one of the first Europeans to explore the
+area around Narragansett Bay in 1524[@KirsNor98, 36, 39], and recounted his
+experiences in a letter to the king. He described a pleasant harbor inhabited
+by friendly and civil natives.[@KirsNor98, 39] They practiced "more systematic
+cultivation [of crops] than the other tribes," and were "very like the manner
+of the ancients [i.e., western antiquity]."[@KirsNor98, 39] In the letter,
+Verrazzano names the place *refugio*, "on account of its beauty."[@KirsNor98,
+39] Despite Narragansett Bay being quite far from where Norumbega would
+eventually be described, geographical ambiguity would allow his account to become
+"at the heart of the Norumbega legend."[@KirsNor98, 39] Specifically, the
+mention of a "more civilized" tribe of natives would continue to be a core aspect of
+the legend in all future renditions. The second account, which lends the
+myth its name and location, is that of Jean Alfonce de Saintonge, a pilot on
+Jacques Cartier's exploration of the Penobscot Bay area.[@KirsNor98, 41]
+Sailing up the Penobscot River, which he called the *Norenbègue*, he described
+"a city called *Norombegue* with clever inhabitants [...] The people use many
+words which sound like Latin and worship the sun, and they are fair people and
+tall."[@KirsNor98, 41] These two accounts, Varrazzano's *refugio* and
+Saintonge's *Norombegue*, eventually merged into a single myth, canonized by
+the cartographer Gastaldi, of an advanced Native American city which shared more in common with 
+Europe than its neighbors.[@KirsNor98, 41]
+
+Over the centuries that followed, more accurate maps and exploration revealed Norumbega
+not as the advanced society it was believed to be but only "a settlement on the
+outer Penobscot shore."[@KirsNor98, 55] Still, the myth lay dormant, disproven
+yet still alluring. Enter Eben Norton Horsford, a mid-nineteenth century
+chemist working in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Best known for his invention of
+modern baking powder,[@JackHors92, 343] Horsford had long harbored an interest
+in history and archaeology. He collected fossils around his father's farm in
+Moscow (now Leister), New York where he grew up,[@JackHors92, 340] and became
+interested in learning the language of the Seneca Indians[@JackHors92, 340] to
+which his father worked as a missionary.[@JackHors92, 103] Later, he would
+often visit his wife's family estate on Shelter Island, New
+York,[@AdamsMemBiog08, 104] where he became interested in the island's history.
+He even "erected a monument to the Quakers, who found shelter there from
+Puritan persecution."[@AdamsMemBiog08, 104] This pattern of research and
+monument building would be repeated several times throughout Horsford's life,
+culminating in Norumbega Tower. Horsford's most famous accomplishment, and how
+he was able to fund these projects, would come in 1856 with his invention of a
+revolutionary new baking powder recipe without a fermentation
+step.[@JackHors92, 343] He founded the Rumford Chemical Works, named after a
+position he held at Harvard, which would make him a fortune.[@JackHors92, 343] While in Cambridge, Horsford became fascinated by
+the possibility of Vikings in New England. This idea had some
+precedent;[@FlemPicHist95, 1079] in 1841, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote *The
+Skeleton in Armour*, a poem interpreting a body discovered in
+Fall River, Massachusetts[^2] to be that of a Norse warrior.[@LongBall41, 29-41] But it was with Horsford the
+idea came to be most associated.[@FlemPicHist95, 1080] In 1887,[@HorsDisc87,
+10] Horsford wrote the dedication for a large bronze statue of
+the Viking Explorer Leif Erickson,[@GuttVal18, 86] commending him for his early discovery of America. On
+this point, modern scholars agree; archaeological evidence at L'Anse aux
+Meadows in Newfoundland constitutes a "pre-1492 presence of Europeans in the
+Americas."[@LedgeHorz19, 2] According to Icelandic sagas, it was here Erickson
+built the settlement of *Vinland*. Horsford, however, believed Erickson to have
+sailed far further south after making the continent, all the way down to Cape
+Cod. He defended his reasoning by referring to the sagas:
+
+> I might dwell at some length, if time would permit, upon other interesting
+> features of the relations of the Sagas:
+> 1. For example, one of very great significance is that of the extraordinary
+>    height of the tide at high water [...] In the bottom of Massachusetts Bay,
+>    as you know, the tides rise from ten to twelve feet, while south of Cape
+>    Cod peninsula they rise but from three to five feet.
+> [...]
+> 5. Of the grapes which the German Tyrker, who was of Leifs crew, discovered,
+>    and of which, as a native of a wine country, weary of his ship's rations,
+>    he doubtless over-ate, there were then, as now, a plenty on the shores of
+>    Massachusetts Bay and along the St. Lawrence. Jacques Cartier speaks of
+>    them as early as 1535.
+
+Here, Horsford also mentions that he has read the accounts of Cartier; this may
+have helped him later make the connection between Vikings and Norumbega. But
+for now, he was only interested in Erickson. When he published the dedication,
+titled *The Discovery of America by Northmen*, his theories drew the ire of
+contemporary historians. Presumably, many were upset a professor of Chemistry
+thought himself more knowledgeable in their field than they were. One
+author, Justin Winsor, found issue with Horsford's theory that Vikings had left
+a noticeable imprint on Native American language:
+
+> Nothing could be slenderer than the alleged correspondences of languages, and
+> we can see in Horsford's *Discovery of America by Northmen* to what a
+> fanciful extent a confident enthusiasm can carry it.[@WinsNar89, 98-99]
+
+Horsford begins his next book on the Vikings, *The Problem of the Northmen*, by
+directly addressing Winsor's comment,[@HorsProb89, 1] demonstrating that he was
+willing to openly spar with historians to defend his theory. Horsford's belief
+and confidence that there were Nordic elements present in Native American
+language may have been informed by his early years with the Seneca in New York.
+Horsford then continues to present evidence for the location of Leif Erickson's
+houses: "If anyone interested will walk from the junction of Elmwood Avenue
+with Mt. Auburn Street [...] he will be at the site of the objects of interest
+which had once been there, and which I had predicted might there be
+found."[@HorsProb89, 14] Here Horsford was remarkably confident in his claims,
+inviting his audience to see the evidence for themselves. He claims there are
+"inequalities of the surface," which are "the remains of two long log houses,
+and huts, or cots."[@HorsProb89, 14] He states they are arranged "'some nearer,
+some farther from the water,' as the sagas say,"[@HorsProb89, 14] again drawing
+on the sagas as his primary source. Outside of just Horsford, there existed a
+wider movement around the promotion of Leif Erickson in the late nineteenth
+century. Newspapers at the time rarely mention Erickson without mentioning his
+preceding Columbus,[^1] which may have been part of a widespread anti-Italian
+and anti-Catholic sentiment. Several other proponents of Vikings in New England
+also believed "the 'Aryan race,' in particular its 'Teutonic' [i.e., German]
+branch, was superior to all others."[@FlemPicHist95, 1078] Horsford, however,
+seems to have only been interested in Erickson and never brings up racial
+superiority or a disdain for Columbus. In fact, he states that Erickson's prior
+discovery of America "would dim, by the measure of the faintest Indian-summer
+haze only, the transcendent glory of the life-work of Columbus."[@HorsDisc90,
+16] So, while some of the enthusiasm around Horsford's work may have been
+motivated by a desire to diminish Columbus as an expression of pro-Nordic
+anti-Italian sentiment, it seems the man himself was driven by his own
+curiosity in what he saw as little-researched historical possibility.
+
+It was during one of his visits to Shelter island when "a chance reference let
+fall by one of his guests" would introduce Horsford to the legend of
+Norumbega.[@JackHors92, 344] The term seems to have been widely known in New
+England at the time; both an article from the Worcester Daily Spy in 1875 and
+one from the Vermont Phoenix in 1894 mention Norumbega in passing, the reader
+assumed to be familiar. Horsford, having grown up in New York, was only
+introduced to the myth after his retirement and became energetically intrigued.
+He read the accounts of Alafonce and Verrazzano, and describes them in one of
+his books.[@HorsDisc90, 14] In this same book, *Discovery of the Ancient City
+of Norumbega*, Horsford mentions the existence of so many maps that prominently
+display Norumbega that "one could not help thinking that they must have some
+foundation in truth; the alternative [would have] involved too many
+conspirators, of different nationalities."[@HorsDisc90, 13] How Horsford made
+the connection from Norumbega to Leif Erickson is a little less clear, though
+it was most likely etymological. We have seen already Horsford's early interest
+in Native American language from his early years with the Seneca in New York,
+and it seems he thought the name "Norumbega" peculiar. He describes how "many
+hundreds of years ago the country we call Norway was called Norbegia or
+Norbega,"[@HorsDisc90, 19] and that in "the Algonquin family of languages,
+which prevailed throughout New England, could not [...] utter the sound of *b*
+without prefixing to it the sound of *m*."[@HorsDisc90, 18] Thus, he reasons,
+*Norumbega* is but a Native American corruption of what the Vikings would have
+called Norway. Horsford uses physical evidence to support his claim as well. He
+mentions several instances where the first settlers of Massachusetts found
+natural dams or weirs, which could be used for fishing (the fish would be
+stopped and collect before the weir on their way upstream to
+spawn).[@HorsDisc90, 33-34] He also describes walls and other structures on the
+floor of Boston Harbor and Back Bay, evidence of "the ancient seaport of
+Norumbega."[@HorsDisc90, 37] To Horsford, all this evidence proved the
+existence of a great Viking fort of Norumbega, and necessitated the
+construction of a monument. We have seen this pattern before; once to the
+Quakers who found refuge on Shelter Island, and again in Boston to Leif
+Erickson for discovering America. To justify the monument, he gave four
+reasons:
+
+> 1. It will commemorate the Discovery of Vinland and Norumbega in the
+>    forty-third degree, and the identification of Norumbega with Norway, the
+>    come country to which this region was once subject by right of discovery
+>    and colonization.
+> 2. It will invite criticism, and so sift out any errors of interpretation
+>    into which, sharing the usual fortune of the pioneer, I may have been led.
+> 3. It will encourage archæological investigation in a fascinating and almost
+>    untrodden field, and be certain to contribute in the results of research
+>    and exploration, both in the study and the field, to the historical
+>    treasure of the Commonwealth.
+> 4. It will help, by reason of its mere presence, and by virtue of the
+>    veneration with which the Tower will in time come to be regarded, to bring
+>    acquiescence in the fruit of investigation, and so allay the blind
+>    scepticism, amounting practically to inverted ambition, that would deprive
+>    Massachusetts of the glory of holding the Landfall of Leif Erickson, and
+>    at the same time the seat of the earliest colony of Europeans in
+>    America.[@HorsDisc90, 40]
+
+These convictions say much about the man Horsford was. As already seen from his
+comments on Columbus, he was not motivated by dislike of the Italians; rather,
+he sought to bring "the glory" of Erickson's discovery to Massachusetts, his home
+for the majority of his working life. Second, he is remarkably humble in his
+theories; this is particularly evident in his second point, and to an extent
+the third. He accepts that "the trustworthiness of my conclusions
+might be tested by the spade,"[@HorsDisc90, 41] and that he had not been
+able to do much of his own archaeology. Horsford did not build the tower to be
+himself remembered, rather to inspire others to continue his work. Indeed, the
+plaque at the base of the tower does not bear his name.
+
+Eben Norton Horsford would die two years after *The Discovery* was published,
+on January first, 1893.[@AdamsMemBiog08, 103] He believed himself a pioneer; at
+the cutting edge of discovery, the first breakthrough in a movement that would
+long outlive him. After his death, however, there was little interest in
+furthering Horsford's ideas. His biographers mostly gloss over the veracity of
+his theories, focusing more on his considerable achievements in chemistry,
+large and generous donations to various colleges, and support for women's
+education.[@JackHors92, 345] The tower remains. Built to inspire an awe of
+history, it now draws confused second glances in the rear-view mirror. A
+century of wind and rain have washed out its words, and the trees it once
+dominated now cast it in shadow.
+
+[^1]: Springfield Weekly, 1893
+[^2]: Unfortunately the building the body had been stored in burned down, and
+    so did not last long enough to be identified by modern
+    science.[@HorsDisc87, 30]
+
+![*Norumbega Tower as it appeared in 1928, about forty years after its construction. Image in the public domain, accessed from* [wikimedia commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Norumbega_Tower,_Charles_River,_1928,_by_Leon_Abdalian,_from_the_Digital_Commonwealth_-_commonwealth_fj237442q.jpg&oldid=915801762)*.*](tower_old.jpg){width=80%}
+
+![*Norumbega Tower as it appears today, about 136 years after its construction. Image in the public domain, access from* [wikimedia commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Norumbega_Tower_-_Weston,_Massachusetts_-_DSC06645.jpg&oldid=596325156)*.*](tower_new.jpg){width=80%}
+
+\pagebreak
+\singlespace
+# References

bibliography.bib

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
     editor = {New England Historic Genealogical Society},
     year = {1908},
     publisher = {New England Historic Genealogical Society},
-    address = {Boston, MA},
+    address = {Boston, Massachusetts},
     volume = {9},
     pages = {103--105},
 }
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
     urldate = {2025-02-14},
     volume = {28},
     year = {1892},
-    annote = {On JSTOR.},
+    annote = {From a peer-reviewed academic journal, on JSTOR.},
 }
 
 % https://archive.org/details/these-truths/mode/2up
@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@
     title = {These Truths: A History of the United States},
     year = {2018},
     publisher = {W. W. Norton \& Company, Inc.},
-    address = {New York, N.Y.},
+    address = {New York City, New York},
-    annote = {Review: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/indimagahist.115.4.08}
+    annote = {Review: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/indimagahist.115.4.08.}
 }
 
 % https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6909322M
@@ -61,3 +61,140 @@
     address = {London},
     annote = {A primary source contemporary to Horsford, which details the accepted narrative for the discovery of America at the time.}
 }
+
+% https://www.jstor.org/stable/1151390
+@article{KirsNor98,
+    ISSN = {03085694, 14797801},
+    URL = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1151390},
+    author = {Kirsten A. Seaver},
+    journal = {Imago Mundi},
+    pages = {34--58},
+    publisher = {[Imago Mundi, Ltd., Taylor \& Francis, Ltd.]},
+    title = {Norumbega and "Harmonia Mundi" in Sixteenth-Century Cartography},
+    urldate = {2025-02-25},
+    volume = {50},
+    year = {1998},
+    annote = {From a peer reviewed academic journal, on JSTOR.},
+}
+
+% https://archive.org/details/theoryartofbread00hors/
+@book{HorsBread61,
+    author = {Eben Norton Horsford},
+    title = {The Theory and Art of Bread-Making. A New Process Without the use of Fermet},
+    year = {1861},
+    publisher = {Welsh Bigelow \& Co.},
+    address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
+    annote = {A primary source, written by Horsford.}
+}
+
+% https://archive.org/details/problemofnorthme00hors/page/n9/mode/2up
+@book{HorsProb89,
+    author = {Eben Norton Horsford},
+    title = {The Problem of the Northmen},
+    year = {1889},
+    publisher = {John Wilson and Son},
+    address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
+    annote = {A primary source, written by Horsford.}
+}
+
+% https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/2227mq61j
+@book{HorsCook77,
+    author = {Eben Norton Horsford},
+    title = {Horsford's Cook Book},
+    year = {1877},
+    publisher = {Rumford Chemical Works},
+    address = {Providence, Rhode Island},
+    annote = {Primary source.}
+}
+
+% https://archive.org/details/discoveryofameri00hors/page/n9/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater
+@book{HorsDisc87,
+    author = {Eben Norton Horsford},
+    title = {Discovery of America by Northmen},
+    year = {1888},
+    publisher = {The Riverside Press},
+    address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
+    annote = {A primary source, originally delivered orally by Horsford at the dedication of a statue of Lief Ericson in Faneuil Hall, 1887.}
+}
+
+% https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/histmemo.30.2.04
+% https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/10.2979/histmemo.30.2.04.pdf?refreqid=fastly-default%3A4008a607be5aa86a3bda0ee0b695dadb&ab_segments=&initiator=&acceptTC=1
+@article{GuttVal18,
+    ISSN = {0935560X, 15271994},
+    URL = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/histmemo.30.2.04},
+    author = {Torgrim Sneve Guttormsen},
+    journal = {History and Memory},
+    number = {2},
+    pages = {79--115},
+    publisher = {Indiana University Press},
+    title = {Valuing Immigrant Memories as Common Heritage: The Leif Erikson Monument in Boston},
+    urldate = {2025-03-24},
+    volume = {30},
+    year = {2018}
+}
+
+% https://archive.org/details/lifevoyagesofver00gree
+@book{GreeneLife37,
+    author = {Greene, George Washington},
+    title = {The Life and Voyages of Verrazzano},
+    year = {1837},
+    publisher = {Folsom, Wells, and Thurston},
+    address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
+}
+
+% https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/50801/pg50801-images.html
+@book{WinsNar89,
+    author = {Winsor, Justin},
+    title = {Narrative and Critical History of America: Aboriginal America},
+    volume = {1},
+    year = {1889},
+    publisher = {Houghton, Mifflin and Company},
+    address = {Boston, Massachusetts},
+    annote = {Primary source.}
+}
+
+% https://archive.org/details/discoveryofancie01hors/page/n21/mode/2up
+@book{HorsDisc90,
+    author = {Eben Norton Horsford},
+    title = {The Discovery of the Ancient City of Norumbega},
+    year = {1890},
+    publisher = {Houghton, Mifflin and Company},
+    address = {Boston, Massachusetts},
+    annote = {Primary source.}
+}
+
+@book{LongBall41,
+    author = {Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth},
+    title = {Ballads and Other Poems},
+    year = {1841},
+    publisher = {John Owen},
+    address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
+    annote = {Primary source; evidence of interest in New England Vikings previous to Horsford.},
+}
+
+@article{LedgeHorz19,
+    author = {Paul M. Ledger and Linus Girdland-Flink and Véronique Forbes},
+    title = {New Horizons at L'Anse aux Meadows},
+    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
+    volume = {116},
+    number = {31},
+    pages = {15341-15343},
+    year = {2019},
+    doi = {10.1073/pnas.1907986116},
+    URL = {https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1907986116},
+    annote = {From peer-reviewed acedemic journal.}
+}
+
+@article{WhiteLong42,
+    ISSN = {00365637},
+    URL = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40915544},
+    author = {George L. White},
+    journal = {Scandinavian Studies},
+    number = {2},
+    pages = {70--82},
+    publisher = {[Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study, University of Illinois Press]},
+    title = {LONGFELLOW'S INTEREST IN SCANDINAVIA DURING THE YEARS 1835-1847},
+    urldate = {2025-04-27},
+    volume = {17},
+    year = {1942}
+}

chicago.csl

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
 <style xmlns="http://purl.org/net/xbiblio/csl" class="note" version="1.0" demote-non-dropping-particle="display-and-sort" page-range-format="chicago">
   <info>
-    <title>Chicago Manual of Style 16th edition (full note)</title>
+    <title>Chicago Manual of Style 16th edition (note)</title>
-    <id>http://www.zotero.org/styles/chicago-fullnote-bibliography-16th-edition</id>
+    <id>http://www.zotero.org/styles/chicago-note-bibliography-16th-edition</id>
-    <link href="http://www.zotero.org/styles/chicago-fullnote-bibliography-16th-edition" rel="self"/>
+    <link href="http://www.zotero.org/styles/chicago-note-bibliography-16th-edition" rel="self"/>
     <link href="http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html" rel="documentation"/>
     <author>
       <name>Julian Onions</name>
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
     </contributor>
     <category citation-format="note"/>
     <category field="generic-base"/>
-    <summary>Chicago format with full notes and bibliography</summary>
+    <summary>Chicago format with short notes and bibliography</summary>
     <updated>2023-12-10T00:40:26+00:00</updated>
     <rights license="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License</rights>
   </info>
@@ -1267,7 +1267,7 @@
         <else-if position="ibid">
           <text term="ibid"/>
         </else-if>
-        <else-if position="subsequent">
+        <else>
           <group delimiter=", ">
             <text macro="contributors-short"/>
             <group delimiter=" ">
@@ -1285,39 +1285,6 @@
               </if>
             </choose>
           </group>
-        </else-if>
-        <else>
-          <group delimiter=", ">
-            <group delimiter=": ">
-              <group delimiter=", ">
-                <group delimiter=" ">
-                  <group delimiter=", ">
-                    <group delimiter=" ">
-                      <group delimiter=", ">
-                        <group delimiter=", ">
-                          <text macro="contributors-note"/>
-                          <text macro="title-note"/>
-                        </group>
-                        <text macro="description-note"/>
-                        <text macro="secondary-contributors-note"/>
-                        <text macro="container-title-note"/>
-                        <text macro="container-contributors-note"/>
-                      </group>
-                      <text macro="locators-note-join-with-space"/>
-                    </group>
-                    <text macro="locators-note-join-with-comma"/>
-                    <text macro="collection-title"/>
-                    <text macro="issue-note-join-with-comma"/>
-                  </group>
-                  <text macro="issue-note-join-with-space"/>
-                </group>
-                <text macro="locators-newspaper"/>
-                <text macro="point-locators-join-with-comma"/>
-              </group>
-              <text macro="point-locators-join-with-colon"/>
-            </group>
-            <text macro="access-note"/>
-          </group>
         </else>
       </choose>
     </layout>
@@ -1367,11 +1334,9 @@
           <text macro="locators-journal-join-with-colon"/>
         </group>
         <text macro="access"/>
-        <choose>
+       <choose>
         <if variable="annote">
-            <text value=" " prefix="" suffix="" display="block"/>
+            <text variable="annote" prefix="" suffix="." display="block"/>
-            <text variable="annote" prefix="" suffix="" display="indent"/>
-            <text value=" " prefix="" suffix="" display="block"/>
         </if>
         </choose>
       </group>