Added compilation part 1.
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;;; ---<<<TOY>>>----------------------------------------------------
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#lang pl
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;;; ----------------------------------------------------------------
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;;; Syntax
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#| The AST:
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<TOY> ::= <num>
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| <id>
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| { bind {{ <id> <TOY> } ... } <TOY> ... }
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| { bindrec {{ <id> <TOY> } ... } <TOY> ... }
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| { fun { <id> ... } <TOY> ... }
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| { <TOY> <TOY> ... }
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| { if <TOY> <TOY> <TOY> }
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| { set! <id> <TOY> }
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|#
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;; A matching abstract syntax tree datatype:
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(define-type TOY
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[Num Number]
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[Id Symbol]
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[Bind (Listof Symbol) (Listof TOY) (Listof TOY)]
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[Bindrec (Listof Symbol) (Listof TOY) (Listof TOY)]
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[Fun (Listof Symbol) (Listof TOY)]
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[Call TOY (Listof TOY)]
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[If TOY TOY TOY]
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[Set Symbol TOY])
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; Things you can't name things.
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(define BAD_WORDS (list 'bind 'fun 'if 'set! '+ '- '* '/ '= '< '> 'true 'false 'void))
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(: unique-list? : (Listof Any) -> Boolean)
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;; Tests whether a list is unique, guards Bind and Fun values.
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(define (unique-list? xs)
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(or (null? xs)
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(and (not (member (first xs) (rest xs)))
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(unique-list? (rest xs)))))
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(: parse-sexpr : Sexpr -> TOY)
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;; parses s-expressions into TOYs
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(define (parse-sexpr sexpr)
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(match sexpr
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; Primitives.
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[(number: n) (Num n)]
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[(symbol: name) (Id name)]
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; Bindrec.
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[(cons (and binder (or 'bind 'bindrec)) more) ; `binder` bound to 'bind or 'bindrec.
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(match sexpr
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[(list b (list (list (symbol: names) (sexpr: nameds)) ...) body ...)
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(if (not (null? body))
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(if (unique-list? names)
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((if (symbol=? b 'bind) Bind Bindrec)
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names
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(map parse-sexpr nameds)
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(last (map parse-sexpr body)))
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(error 'parse-sexpr "duplicate `~s' names: ~s" binder names))
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(error 'parse-sexpr "bind expression missing body: ~s" sexpr))]
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[else (error 'parse-sexpr "bad `~s' syntax in ~s" binder sexpr)])]
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; Function definition.
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[(cons 'fun more)
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(match sexpr
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[(list 'fun (list (symbol: names) ...) body)
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(if (unique-list? names)
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(Fun names (parse-sexpr body))
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(error 'parse-sexpr "duplicate `fun' names: ~s" names))]
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[else (error 'parse-sexpr "bad `fun' syntax in ~s" sexpr)])]
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; Conditional.
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[(cons 'if more)
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(match sexpr
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[(list 'if cond then else)
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(If (parse-sexpr cond)
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(parse-sexpr then)
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(parse-sexpr else))]
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[else (error 'parse-sexpr "bad `if' syntax in ~s" sexpr)])]
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; Set!.
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[(cons 'set! more)
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(match sexpr
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[(list 'set! (symbol: thing) as)
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(Set thing (parse-sexpr as))])]
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; Function application
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[(list fun args ...) ; other lists are applications
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(Call (parse-sexpr fun)
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(map parse-sexpr args))]
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; Bad.
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[else (error 'parse-sexpr "bad syntax in ~s" sexpr)]))
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(: parse : String -> TOY)
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;; Parses a string containing an TOY expression to a TOY AST.
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(define (parse str)
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(parse-sexpr (string->sexpr str)))
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;;; ----------------------------------------------------------------
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;;; Values and environments
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(define-type ENV
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[EmptyEnv]
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[FrameEnv FRAME ENV])
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;; a frame is an association list of names and values.
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(define-type FRAME = (Listof (List Symbol (Boxof VAL))))
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(define-type VAL
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[RktV Any]
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[FunV (Listof Symbol) TOY ENV]
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[PrimV ((Listof VAL) -> VAL)]
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[VoidV])
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(: extend : (Listof Symbol) (Listof VAL) ENV -> ENV)
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(define (extend names vals env)
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(raw-extend names (map (inst box VAL) vals) env))
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(: raw-extend : (Listof Symbol) (Listof (Boxof VAL)) ENV -> ENV)
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;; extends an environment with a new frame.
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(define (raw-extend names bvals env)
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(if (= (length names) (length bvals))
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(FrameEnv (map (lambda ([name : Symbol] [bval : (Boxof VAL)])
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(list name bval))
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names bvals)
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env)
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(error 'extend "arity mismatch for names: ~s" names)))
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(: extend-rec : (Listof Symbol) (Listof TOY) ENV -> ENV)
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(define (extend-rec names vals env)
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(define newenv (extend names (map (lambda (_) (VoidV)) vals) env))
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(for-each (lambda ([name : Symbol] [val : TOY])
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(set-box! (lookup name newenv) (eval val newenv)))
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names vals)
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newenv)
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(: lookup : Symbol ENV -> (Boxof VAL))
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;; lookup a symbol in an environment, frame by frame,
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;; return its value or throw an error if it isn't bound
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(define (lookup name env)
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(cases env
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[(EmptyEnv) (error 'lookup "no binding for ~s" name)]
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[(FrameEnv frame rest)
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(let ([cell (assq name frame)])
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(if cell
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(second cell)
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(lookup name rest)))]))
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(: unwrap-rktv : VAL -> Any)
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;; helper for `racket-func->prim-val': unwrap a RktV wrapper in
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;; preparation to be sent to the primitive function
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(define (unwrap-rktv x)
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(cases x
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[(RktV v) v]
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[else (error 'racket-func "bad input: ~s" x)]))
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(: racket-func->prim-val : Function -> (Boxof VAL))
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;; converts a racket function to a primitive evaluator function
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;; which is a PrimV holding a ((Listof VAL) -> VAL) function.
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;; (the resulting function will use the list function as is,
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;; and it is the list function's responsibility to throw an error
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;; if it's given a bad number of arguments or bad input types.)
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(define (racket-func->prim-val racket-func)
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(define list-func (make-untyped-list-function racket-func))
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(box (PrimV (lambda (args)
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(RktV (list-func (map unwrap-rktv args)))))))
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;; The global environment has a few primitives:
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(: global-environment : ENV)
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(define global-environment
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(FrameEnv (list (list '+ (racket-func->prim-val +))
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(list '- (racket-func->prim-val -))
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(list '* (racket-func->prim-val *))
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(list '/ (racket-func->prim-val /))
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(list '< (racket-func->prim-val <))
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(list '> (racket-func->prim-val >))
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(list '= (racket-func->prim-val =))
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;; values
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(list 'true (box (RktV #t)))
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(list 'false (box (RktV #f)))
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(list 'void (box (VoidV))))
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(EmptyEnv)))
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;;; ----------------------------------------------------------------
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;;; Evaluation
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(: eval : TOY ENV -> VAL)
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;; evaluates TOY expressions
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(define (eval expr env)
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;; convenient helper
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(: eval* : TOY -> VAL)
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(define (eval* expr) (eval expr env))
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(cases expr
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[(Num n) (RktV n)]
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[(Id name) (unbox (lookup name env))]
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[(Bind names exprs bound-body)
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(eval bound-body (extend names (map eval* exprs) env))]
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[(Bindrec names exprs bound-body)
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(eval bound-body (extend-rec names exprs env))]
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[(Fun names bound-body)
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(FunV names bound-body env)]
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[(Call fun-expr arg-exprs)
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(let ([fval (eval* fun-expr)]
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[arg-vals (map eval* arg-exprs)])
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(cases fval
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[(PrimV proc) (proc arg-vals)]
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[(FunV names body fun-env)
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(eval body (extend names arg-vals fun-env))]
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[else (error 'eval "function call with a non-function: ~s"
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fval)]))]
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[(If cond-expr then-expr else-expr)
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(eval* (if (cases (eval* cond-expr)
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[(RktV v) v] ; Racket value => use as boolean
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[else #t]) ; other values are always true
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then-expr
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else-expr))]
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[(Set thing as)
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(set-box! (lookup thing env) (eval* as)) ; We are not a lazy language.
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(VoidV)]))
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(: run : String -> Any)
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;; evaluate a TOY program contained in a string
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(define (run str)
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(let ([result (eval (parse str) global-environment)])
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(cases result
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[(RktV v) v]
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[else (error 'run "evaluation returned a bad value: ~s"
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result)])))
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;;; ----------------------------------------------------------------
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;;; Tests
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(test (run "{bindrec {{fact {fun {n}
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{if {= 0 n}
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1
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{* n {fact {- n 1}}}}}}}
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{fact 5}}")
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=> 120)
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(test (run "
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{bind {{x 10}}
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{bind {{y {set! x 1}}}
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x
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}
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}
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") => 1)
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(test (run "{bind {{x 2}} {set! x 1}}") =error> "run: evaluation returned a bad value: (VoidV)")
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(test (run "{if {= 1 2} 0 1}") => 1)
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(test (run "{if true 1 2}") => 1)
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(test (run "{{fun {x} {+ x 1}} 4}")
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=> 5)
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(test (run "{bind {{add3 {fun {x} {+ x 3}}}} {add3 1}}")
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=> 4)
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(test (run "{bind {{add3 {fun {x} {+ x 3}}}
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{add1 {fun {x} {+ x 1}}}}
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{bind {{x 3}} {add1 {add3 x}}}}")
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=> 7)
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(test (run "{bind {{identity {fun {x} x}}
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{foo {fun {x} {+ x 1}}}}
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{{identity foo} 123}}")
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=> 124)
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(test (run "{bind {{x 3}}
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{bind {{f {fun {y} {+ x y}}}}
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{bind {{x 5}}
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{f 4}}}}")
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=> 7)
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(test (run "{{{fun {x} {x 1}}
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{fun {x} {fun {y} {+ x y}}}}
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123}")
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=> 124)
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;; More tests for complete coverage
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(test (run "{bind x 5 x}") =error> "bad `bind' syntax")
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(test (run "{fun x x}") =error> "bad `fun' syntax")
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(test (run "{if x}") =error> "bad `if' syntax")
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(test (run "{}") =error> "bad syntax")
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(test (run "{bind {{x 5} {x 5}} x}") =error> "duplicate*bind*names")
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(test (run "{fun {x x} x}") =error> "duplicate*fun*names")
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(test (run "{+ x 1}") =error> "no binding for")
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(test (run "{+ 1 {fun {x} x}}") =error> "bad input")
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(test (run "{+ 1 {fun {x} x}}") =error> "bad input")
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(test (run "{1 2}") =error> "with a non-function")
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(test (run "{{fun {x} x}}") =error> "arity mismatch")
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(test (run "{if {< 4 5} 6 7}") => 6)
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(test (run "{if {< 5 4} 6 7}") => 7)
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(test (run "{if + 6 7}") => 6)
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(test (run "{fun {x} x}") =error> "returned a bad value")
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