Updated.

Paper.md

@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ described "a city called *Norombegue* with clever inhabitants [...] The people
 use many words which sound like Latin and worship the sun, and they are fair
 people and tall."[@KirsNor98, 41] These two accounts, Giovanni's *refugio* and
 Saintonge's *Norombegue*, eventually merged into a single myth, canonized by
-the cartographer Gastaldi, of an advanced Native American city whose manners
-were closer to those of Europe than their neighbors.[@KirsNor98, 41]
+the cartographer Gastaldi, of an advanced Native American city more similar to
+Europe than its neighbors.[@KirsNor98, 41]
 
 Over the centuries to follow, more accurate maps were drawn revealing Norumbega
 not as the advanced society it was believed but only "a settlement on the outer
@@ -57,25 +57,28 @@ Massachusetts. Best known for his invention of modern baking
 powder,[@JackHors92, 343] he had long harbored in interest in history and
 archaeology. He would collect fossils around his father's farm in Moscow (now
 Leister), New York where he grew up,[@JackHors92, 340] and became interested in
-learning the language of the Seneca Indians[@JackHors92, 340], to which his
+learning the language of the Seneca Indians[@JackHors92, 340] to which his
 father worked as a missionary.[@JackHors92, 103] Later, he would often visit
 his wife's family estate on Shelter Island, New York.[@AdamsMemBiog08, 104]
 There, he became interested in the island's history and "erected a monument to
 the Quakers, who found shelter there from Puritan
-persecution."[@AdamsMemBiog08, 104] He would later repeat this pattern of
-investigation and monument building with Norumbega Tower in Massachusetts.
-Horsford's most famous accomplishment, and how he was able to fund these
-projects, would come in 1856 with his invention of a revolutionary new baking
-powder recipe without a fermentation step.[@JackHors92, 343] He founded the
-Rumford Chemical Works, named after the Rumford Professorship position he held
-at Harvard, which would make him a fortune.[@JackHors92, 343] While in
-Cambridge, Horsford became very interested in the possibility of Vikings in New
-England. This not an unheard of idea at the time,[@FlemPicHist95, 1079] but
-Horsford would bring much more publicity and become its foremost supporter. In
-1887,[@HorsDisc87, 10] Horsford wrote the dedication for a large bronze statue
-of Erickson,[@GuttVal18, 86] commending him for his early discovery of America.
-He doesn't stop just there, though; he additionally asserts Leif sailed south
-after making the continent, all the way to Cape Cod. He explains his reasoning:
+persecution."[@AdamsMemBiog08, 104] This pattern of research and monument
+building would be repeated several times throughout his life, including the
+Norumbega Tower. Horsford's most famous accomplishment, and how he was able to
+fund these projects, would come in 1856 with his invention of a revolutionary
+new baking powder recipe without a fermentation step.[@JackHors92, 343] He
+founded the Rumford Chemical Works, named after the Rumford Professorship
+position he held at Harvard, which would make him a fortune.[@JackHors92, 343]
+While in Cambridge, Horsford became very interested in the possibility of
+Vikings in New England. This idea had some precedent;[@FlemPicHist95, 1079] in
+1841, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote *The Skeleton in Armour*, a poem about a
+Norse warrior whose body was discovered by Fall River,
+Massachusetts.[@LongBall41, 29-41] But it was with Horsford the idea came to be
+most associated.[@FlemPicHist95, 1080] In 1887,[@HorsDisc87, 10] Horsford wrote
+the dedication for a large bronze statue of Erickson,[@GuttVal18, 86]
+commending him for his early discovery of America. He doesn't stop just there,
+though; he additionally asserts Leif sailed south after making the continent,
+all the way to Cape Cod. He explains his reasoning:
 
 > ...if you will be kind enough to hold up to your mind's eye, now for a
 > moment, any familiar map of North America. Look at the east coast. From
@@ -89,8 +92,8 @@ Ironically, the best evidence archaeologists have now for the location of
 Vinland is L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland. How Horsford was recieved in the
 moment, if those around him were surprised by this theory, is unclear. But his
 theories would certainly see criticism from historians once published. One
-author, Justin Winsor, found issue with Horsford's theory that Vikings had left
-a noticeable imprint on Native American language:
+contemporary historian, Justin Winsor, found issue with Horsford's theory that
+Vikings had left a noticeable imprint on Native American language:
 
 > Nothing could be slenderer than the alleged correspondences of languages, and
 > we can see in Horsford's *Discovery of America by Northmen* to what a
@@ -105,7 +108,7 @@ Horsford then continues to present evidence for the location of Leif Erickson's
 houses: "If anyone interested will walk from the junction of Elmwood Avenue
 with Mt. Auburn Street [...] he will be at the site of the objects of interest
 which had once been there, and which I had predicted might there be
-found."[@HorsProb89, 14] Here Horsford is remarkably confident in his claims,
+found."[@HorsProb89, 14] Here Horsford was remarkably confident in his claims,
 inviting his audience to see the evidence for themselves. He claims there are
 "inequalities of the surface," which are "the remains of two long log houses,
 and huts, or cots."[@HorsProb89, 14] He states they are arranged "'some nearer,
@@ -194,7 +197,7 @@ the cutting edge of discovery, the first breakthrough in a movement that would
 long outlive him. After his death, however, there seemed to be little interest
 around his ideas. His biographers mostly gloss over the veracity of his
 theories, focusing more on his achievements in chemistry, and his large and
-generous donations to various colleges in the area[@JackHors92, 345] The tower
+generous donations to various colleges in the area.[@JackHors92, 345] The tower
 remains. A century of wind and rain have made its words near impossible to
 read, and trees now obscure it from the river.
 

bibliography.bib

@@ -162,3 +162,12 @@
     address = {Boston, Massachusetts},
     annote = {Primary source.}
 }
+
+@book{LongBall41,
+    author = {Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth},
+    title = {Ballads and Other Poems},
+    year = {1841},
+    publisher = {John Owen},
+    address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
+    annote = {Primary source; evidence of interest in New England Vikings previous to Horsford.},
+}