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Paper.md

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+title: Norumbega
+author: Jacob Signorovitch
 ---
 
+\maketitle
+
 In Weston, Massachusetts, across the Charles River from Brandeis University, an
 unusual structure rises between the trees; a forty foot stone tower, complete
 with spiral staircase and ramparts, weathered and stained with time, looking
 distinctly out of place within earshot of I-95. The story of how it came to be
-involves Vikings, a baking soda magnate, 16th century natural philosophy, the
-discovery of America, and at the center of it all is the myth of Norumbega. As
-one explores the area, the name comes up again and again; a map will tell you
-the structure's name is Norumbega Tower, and running alongside is Norumbega
-Road. Further south, one finds a Norumbega Park, and another road called
-Norumbega Court. 
+involves Vikings, a baking soda magnate, the discovery of America, and at the
+center of it all is the myth of Norumbega. As one explores the area, the name
+comes up again and again; a map will tell you the structure's name is Norumbega
+Tower, and running alongside is Norumbega Road. Further south, one finds a
+Norumbega Park, and another road called Norumbega Court. This paper will
+explore how one man in the late 19th century, Eben Norton Horsford, brought
+together two seemingly disconnected ideas into a theory for the original
+discovery of America, what motivated him to do so, and what he left behind.
+
+The myth of Norumbega originated during the Age of Exploration. It was
+variously a town, city, or country, somewhere along the coast of New England,
+inhabited by amiable and civilized natives. First given the name *Nurumberg* by
+Giacomo Gastaldi in a 1548 edition of Ptolemy's Geography,[@KirsNor98, 34] the
+myth can be traced back to a conflation of two separate accounts. The first is
+that of Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer under King Francis I of
+France.[@GreeneLife37, 4-7] He was one of the first Europeans to explore the
+area around Narragansett Bay in 1524[@KirsNor98, 36, 39], far distant from
+where Norumbega would eventual be described. However, due to geographical
+ambiguity at the time, his account would later become "at the heard of the
+Norumbega legend."[@KirsNor98, 39] He recounted his experiences in a letter to
+the king, where he described a pleasant harbor inhabited by friendly and civil
+natives.[@KirsNor98, 39] They practiced "more systematic cultivation [of crops]
+than the other tribes," and were "very like the manner of the
+ancients."[@KirsNor98, 39] In the letter, Giovanni names the place *refugio*,
+"on account of its beauty."[@KirsNor98, 39] Civilized inhabitants became one of
+the core aspects of the myth, present throughout its evolution even as its
+exact location and size varied. The second account is that of Jean Alfonce de
+Saintonge, pilot on Jacques Cartier's exploration of the Penobscot Bay area
+[KirsNor98, 41]. Sailing up the Penobscot River, which he called the
+*Norenbègue*, he described "a city called *Norombegue* with clever inhabitants
+[...] The people use many words which sound like Latin and worship the sun, and
+they are fair people and tall."[KirsNor98, 41] These two accounts, Giovanni s
+*refugio* and Saintonge's *Norombegue*, eventually merged into a single myth,
+canonized by Gastaldi, of an advanced Native American city whose manners were
+closer to those of Europe than their neighbors.[@KirsNor98, 41]
+
+Eben Norton Horsford was a chemist working in Cambridge, best known for his
+invention of modern baking powder.[@JackHors92, 343] In addition to his work,
+he showed some interest in history and archaeology throughout his life. He
+would collect fossils around his father's farm in Moscow (now Leister), New
+York where he grew up,[@JackHors92, 340] and expressed interest in learning the
+language of the Seneca Indians[@JackHors92, 340], to which his father worked as
+a missionary.[@JackHors92, 103] Later, he would often visit his wife's family
+estate on Shelter Island, New York.[@AdamsMemBiog08, 104] There, he became
+interested in the island's history and "erected a monument to the Quakers, who
+found shelter there from Puritan persecution."[@AdamsMemBiog08, 104] He would
+later repeat this pattern of investigation and monument building in
+Massachusetts.
+
+
 
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