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Jacob Signorovitch
2025-02-25 21:21:49 -05:00
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Notes.md → Horsford.md
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# Research Question
**To whom and why was the myth of Norumbega attractive?**
# Eben Norton Horsford
- Was born in Moscow, NY, July 27, 1818 (@AdamsMemBiog08, p.103)
- Died in Cambridge, MA, January 1, 1893 (@AdamsMemBiog08, p.103)
- His grandfather on his mother's side fought in the Revolutionary War
(@AdamsMemBiog08, p.103)
## Early Life
- Was born in Moscow, NY, July 27, 1818 [@AdamsMemBiog08, 103]
- Died in Cambridge, MA, January 1, 1893 [@AdamsMemBiog08, 103]
- Grandfather on his mother's side fought in the Revolutionary War
[@AdamsMemBiog08, p.103]
- His father had moved to Moscow NY as a missionary to the Seneca Indians
(@AdamsMemBiog08, p.103)
[@AdamsMemBiog08, p.103]
- A large part of his Norumbega thesis was how Norse words could be found in
American Indian place names; perhaps this experience with natives gave him
inspiration or confidence.
@@ -21,39 +19,46 @@
was devoted, while at the same time his early association with the Seneca
Indians, who flocked ot his father's house in large numbers, familiarized him
with Indian words and pronunciation, and this paved the way for the
philological and archaeological studies of his older years." : (@JackHors92,
p.340)
philological and archaeological studies of his older years."[@JackHors92,
p.340]
- As above, a shadow of his later interests can be seen already in the
hobbies of his early years.
- "He was sent to the best schools, and at the age of nineteen graduated as a
civil engineer from the Renseelaer Institute of Trow, New York" :
(@AdamsMemBiog08, p.104)
civil engineer from the Renseelaer Institute of Trow, New
York"[@AdamsMemBiog08, p.104]
- Had good education, somewhat wealthy parents.
- "He was then employed on the Geological Survey of the State of New York" :
(@AdamsMemBiog08, p.104)
## Employment
- "He was then employed on the Geological Survey of the State of New
York"[@AdamsMemBiog08, p.104]
- Had some experience with geographic survey, possibly what gave him
confidence in his archaeological pursuits.
- "In 1844 he went to Germany to study chemistry, and spent two years at
Giessen under Baron Liebig" : (@AdamsMemBiog08, p.104)
Giessen under Baron Liebig"[@AdamsMemBiog08, p.104]
- "He usually spent his summers at Shelter Island, New York, in the old manor
house, which had belonged to his wife's family. He interested himself in
studying the antiquity of the island, and erected a monument to the Quakers,
who found shelter there from Puritan persecution." : (@AdamsMemBiog08, p.104)
who found shelter there from Puritan persecution."[@AdamsMemBiog08, p.104]
- Another instance of Horsford being interested in history, erecting
monuments. Seems like a hobby of his.
- Also has religious elements, just as the Norumbega myth & Protestantism
vs. Catholicism.
## Later Life and Interest in Norumbega
- "In the comparative leisure of his later years he became deeply interested in
endeavoring to trace the routes of the Northmen, who early visited this
continent." : (@AdamsMemBiog08, p.104)
- Had a lot of free time, was used to doing research as his job and as his hobby.
continent."[@AdamsMemBiog08, p.104]
- Had a lot of free time, was used to doing research as his job and as his
hobby.
- Seems he was genuinely interested, wasn't being paid or anything.
- "He studied the sagas, pored over the ancient charts, explored the coast of
New England, and at length became assured that he found, in Cambridge, the
location of the house built by Leif Ericson, and that at Watertown, on the
Charles River, he had discovered the long-lost Norumbega, the settlement of
the Icelandic voyagers. Here he erected a substantial stone tower to mark the
spot." : (@AdamsMemBiog08, p.104-5)
spot."[@AdamsMemBiog08, p.104-5]
- Seems he did extensive research, and thought he was being objective,
though probably biased as he lived in Cambridge.
- The biographer takes a pretty neutral tone as to the veracity of Eben's
@@ -65,12 +70,16 @@
America by the Northmen, presented him, in their annual assembly, an
engrossed address, framed in wood from Norway, and elaborately carved by a
Norwegian lady. In 1892 the king of Denmark created him a Knight Commander of
the third grade of the Order of Danneborg." : (@AdamsMemBiog08, p.105)
the third grade of the Order of Danneborg."[@AdamsMemBiog08, p.105]
- Seems his ideas were well-received by former Vikings.
## Other Doings
- "Wellesley College was the object of his largest benefactions (...) He
enlarged and endowed the college library, and provided a fund for scientific
apparatus." : (@AdamsMemBiog08, p.105)
apparatus."[@AdamsMemBiog08, p.105]
- Seems he made good of his wealth from baking soda.
\pagebreak
# References

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%: %.md
pandoc $^ -o $@.pdf --bibliography=$(BIB) --csl=$(STYLE) --pdf-engine=xelatex --citeproc
clean:
rm *.pdf
.PHONY: clean

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Norumbega.md Normal file
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# The Myth of Norumbega
- The first person to put "Norumbega" on a map was Giacomo
Gastaldi.[@KirsNor98, 34]
- "Once Giacomo Gastaldi had placed a fully fledged country of *Nurumberg* on
his map *Tierra Nueva*, in an edition of Ptolemy's Geography published in
Venice in 1548, geographical ignorance allowed the non-existent land to
flourish on innumerable other maps and globes. Thus until well into the
second half of the seventeenth century, the mythical country of Norumbega
continued to appear on maps."[@KirsNor98, 34]
- "Just about everything concerning Norumbega is in dispute. The two generally
agreed facts are: that in the mid-sixteenth century the name Norumbega
referred to the Penobscot Bay area and, by extension, to what is now Maine
and southern New Brunswick (an area of roughly between 44 and 46 degrees
north); and that the name itself was spawned by a small inlet labeled
*oranbega* on the maps drawn by Girolamo de Verrazzano in 1529 to illustrate
his brother's account of a voyage made five years previously."[@KirsNor98,
35]
- As with most myths, the facts such as they are vary widely between sources.
- The name "Norumbega" has a complicated history, unclear what its origin
was. Horsford claimed it was a native word that was a corruption of a
viking one.
- "Two other statements are also uncontentious: that in the sixteenth century
the region of Norumbega was attracting English would-be colonists, and that
once sufficient firsthand knowledge reached Europe from early attempts at
settlement and from further exploration, both the cartographical Norumbega
and the tales associated with it entirely disappeared."[@KirsNor98, 35]
\pagebreak
# References

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bibliography.bib
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@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
urldate = {2025-02-14},
volume = {28},
year = {1892},
annote = {On JSTOR.},
annote = {From a peer-reviewed academic journal, on JSTOR.},
}
% https://archive.org/details/these-truths/mode/2up
@@ -61,3 +61,18 @@
address = {London},
annote = {A primary source contemporary to Horsford, which details the accepted narrative for the discovery of America at the time.}
}
% https://www.jstor.org/stable/1151390
@article{KirsNor98,
ISSN = {03085694, 14797801},
URL = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1151390},
author = {Kirsten A. Seaver},
journal = {Imago Mundi},
pages = {34--58},
publisher = {[Imago Mundi, Ltd., Taylor \& Francis, Ltd.]},
title = {Norumbega and "Harmonia Mundi" in Sixteenth-Century Cartography},
urldate = {2025-02-25},
volume = {50},
year = {1998},
annote = {From a peer reviewed academic journal, on JSTOR.},
}

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@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
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<author>
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@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
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<updated>2023-12-10T00:40:26+00:00</updated>
<rights license="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License</rights>
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@@ -1267,7 +1267,7 @@
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@@ -1367,13 +1334,6 @@
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