;;; ---<<<TOY>>>----------------------------------------------------
#lang pl

;;; ----------------------------------------------------------------
;;; Syntax

#| The AST:
<TOY> ::= <num>
       | <id>
       | { bind {{ <id> <TOY> } ... } <TOY> }
       | { fun { <id> ... } <TOY> }
       | { <TOY> <TOY> ... }
       | { if <TOY> <TOY> <TOY> }
       | { set! <id> <TOY> }
|#

;; A matching abstract syntax tree datatype:
(define-type TOY
  [Num  Number]
  [Id   Symbol]
  [Bind (Listof Symbol) (Listof TOY) TOY]
  [Fun  (Listof Symbol) TOY]
  [Call TOY (Listof TOY)]
  [If   TOY TOY TOY]
  [Set  Symbol TOY])

; Things you can't name things.
(define BAD_WORDS (list 'bind 'fun 'if 'set! '+ '- '* '/ '= '< '> 'true 'false 'void))

(: unique-list? : (Listof Any) -> Boolean)
;; Tests whether a list is unique, guards Bind and Fun values.
(define (unique-list? xs)
  (or (null? xs)
      (and (not (member (first xs) (rest xs)))
           (unique-list? (rest xs)))))

(: parse-sexpr : Sexpr -> TOY)
;; parses s-expressions into TOYs
(define (parse-sexpr sexpr)
  (match sexpr
    ; Primitives.
    [(number: n)    (Num n)]
    [(symbol: name) (Id name)]

    ; Bind.
    [(cons 'bind more)
     (match sexpr
       [(list 'bind (list (list (symbol: names) (sexpr: nameds))
                          ...)
              body)
        (if (unique-list? names)
            (Bind names (map parse-sexpr nameds) (parse-sexpr body))
            (error 'parse-sexpr "duplicate `bind' names: ~s" names))]
       [else (error 'parse-sexpr "bad `bind' syntax in ~s" sexpr)])]

    ; Function definition.
    [(cons 'fun more)
     (match sexpr
       [(list 'fun (list (symbol: names) ...) body)
        (if (unique-list? names)
            (Fun names (parse-sexpr body))
            (error 'parse-sexpr "duplicate `fun' names: ~s" names))]
       [else (error 'parse-sexpr "bad `fun' syntax in ~s" sexpr)])]
    
    ; Conditional.
    [(cons 'if more)
     (match sexpr
       [(list 'if cond then else)
        (If (parse-sexpr cond)
            (parse-sexpr then)
            (parse-sexpr else))]
       [else (error 'parse-sexpr "bad `if' syntax in ~s" sexpr)])]

    ; Set!.
    [(cons 'set! more)
     (match sexpr
       [(list 'set! (symbol: thing) as)
        (Set thing (parse-sexpr as))])]

    ; Function application
    [(list fun args ...) ; other lists are applications
     (Call (parse-sexpr fun)
           (map parse-sexpr args))]

    ; Bad.
    [else (error 'parse-sexpr "bad syntax in ~s" sexpr)]))

(: parse : String -> TOY)
;; Parses a string containing an TOY expression to a TOY AST.
(define (parse str)
  (parse-sexpr (string->sexpr str)))

;;; ----------------------------------------------------------------
;;; Values and environments

(define-type ENV
  [EmptyEnv]
  [FrameEnv FRAME ENV])

;; a frame is an association list of names and values.
(define-type FRAME = (Listof (List Symbol (Boxof VAL))))

(define-type VAL
  [RktV  Any]
  [FunV  (Listof Symbol) TOY ENV]
  [PrimV ((Listof VAL) -> VAL)]
  [VoidV])

(: extend : (Listof Symbol) (Listof VAL) ENV -> ENV)
(define (extend names vals env)
  (raw-extend names (map (inst box VAL) vals) env))

(: raw-extend : (Listof Symbol) (Listof (Boxof VAL)) ENV -> ENV)
;; extends an environment with a new frame.
(define (raw-extend names bvals env)
  (if (= (length names) (length bvals))
      (FrameEnv (map (lambda ([name : Symbol] [bval : (Boxof VAL)])
                       (list name bval))
                     names bvals)
                env)
      (error 'extend "arity mismatch for names: ~s" names)))

(: lookup : Symbol ENV -> (Boxof VAL))
;; lookup a symbol in an environment, frame by frame,
;; return its value or throw an error if it isn't bound
(define (lookup name env)
  (cases env
    [(EmptyEnv) (error 'lookup "no binding for ~s" name)]
    [(FrameEnv frame rest)
     (let ([cell (assq name frame)])
       (if cell
           (second cell)
           (lookup name rest)))]))

(: unwrap-rktv : VAL -> Any)
;; helper for `racket-func->prim-val': unwrap a RktV wrapper in
;; preparation to be sent to the primitive function
(define (unwrap-rktv x)
  (cases x
    [(RktV v) v]
    [else (error 'racket-func "bad input: ~s" x)]))

(: racket-func->prim-val : Function -> (Boxof VAL))
;; converts a racket function to a primitive evaluator function
;; which is a PrimV holding a ((Listof VAL) -> VAL) function.
;; (the resulting function will use the list function as is,
;; and it is the list function's responsibility to throw an error
;; if it's given a bad number of arguments or bad input types.)
(define (racket-func->prim-val racket-func)
  (define list-func (make-untyped-list-function racket-func))
  (box (PrimV (lambda (args)
           (RktV (list-func (map unwrap-rktv args)))))))

;; The global environment has a few primitives:
(: global-environment : ENV)
(define global-environment
  (FrameEnv (list (list '+ (racket-func->prim-val +))
                  (list '- (racket-func->prim-val -))
                  (list '* (racket-func->prim-val *))
                  (list '/ (racket-func->prim-val /))
                  (list '< (racket-func->prim-val <))
                  (list '> (racket-func->prim-val >))
                  (list '= (racket-func->prim-val =))
                  ;; values
                  (list 'true  (box (RktV #t)))
                  (list 'false (box (RktV #f)))
                  (list 'void (box (VoidV))))
            (EmptyEnv)))

;;; ----------------------------------------------------------------
;;; Evaluation

(: eval : TOY ENV -> VAL)
;; evaluates TOY expressions
(define (eval expr env)
  ;; convenient helper
  (: eval* : TOY -> VAL)
  (define (eval* expr) (eval expr env))
  (cases expr
    [(Num n)   (RktV n)]
    [(Id name) (unbox (lookup name env))]
    [(Bind names exprs bound-body)
     (eval bound-body (extend names (map eval* exprs) env))]
    [(Fun names bound-body)
     (FunV names bound-body env)]
    [(Call fun-expr arg-exprs)
     (let ([fval (eval* fun-expr)]
           [arg-vals (map eval* arg-exprs)])
       (cases fval
         [(PrimV proc) (proc arg-vals)]
         [(FunV names body fun-env)
          (eval body (extend names arg-vals fun-env))]
         [else (error 'eval "function call with a non-function: ~s"
                      fval)]))]
    [(If cond-expr then-expr else-expr)
     (eval* (if (cases (eval* cond-expr)
                  [(RktV v) v] ; Racket value => use as boolean
                  [else #t])   ; other values are always true
                then-expr
                else-expr))]
    [(Set thing as)
     (set-box! (lookup thing env) (eval* as)) ; We are not a lazy language.
     (VoidV)]))

(: run : String -> Any)
;; evaluate a TOY program contained in a string
(define (run str)
  (let ([result (eval (parse str) global-environment)])
    (cases result
      [(RktV v) v]
      [else (error 'run "evaluation returned a bad value: ~s"
                   result)])))

;;; ----------------------------------------------------------------
;;; Tests

(test (run "
{bind {{x 10}}
  {bind {{y {set! x 1}}}
    x
  }
}
") => 1)
(test (run "{bind {{x 2}} {set! x 1}}") =error> "run: evaluation returned a bad value: (VoidV)")

(test (run "{if {= 1 2} 0 1}") => 1)
(test (run "{if true 1 2}") => 1)
(test (run "{{fun {x} {+ x 1}} 4}")
      => 5)
(test (run "{bind {{add3 {fun {x} {+ x 3}}}} {add3 1}}")
      => 4)
(test (run "{bind {{add3 {fun {x} {+ x 3}}}
                       {add1 {fun {x} {+ x 1}}}}
                  {bind {{x 3}} {add1 {add3 x}}}}")
      => 7)
(test (run "{bind {{identity {fun {x} x}}
                       {foo {fun {x} {+ x 1}}}}
                  {{identity foo} 123}}")
      => 124)
(test (run "{bind {{x 3}}
                  {bind {{f {fun {y} {+ x y}}}}
                    {bind {{x 5}}
                      {f 4}}}}")
      => 7)
(test (run "{{{fun {x} {x 1}}
                  {fun {x} {fun {y} {+ x y}}}}
                 123}")
      => 124)

;; More tests for complete coverage
(test (run "{bind x 5 x}")      =error> "bad `bind' syntax")
(test (run "{fun x x}")         =error> "bad `fun' syntax")
(test (run "{if x}")            =error> "bad `if' syntax")
(test (run "{}")                =error> "bad syntax")
(test (run "{bind {{x 5} {x 5}} x}") =error> "duplicate*bind*names")
(test (run "{fun {x x} x}")     =error> "duplicate*fun*names")
(test (run "{+ x 1}")           =error> "no binding for")
(test (run "{+ 1 {fun {x} x}}") =error> "bad input")
(test (run "{+ 1 {fun {x} x}}") =error> "bad input")
(test (run "{1 2}")             =error> "with a non-function")
(test (run "{{fun {x} x}}")     =error> "arity mismatch")
(test (run "{if {< 4 5} 6 7}")  => 6)
(test (run "{if {< 5 4} 6 7}")  => 7)
(test (run "{if + 6 7}")        => 6)
(test (run "{fun {x} x}")       =error> "returned a bad value")